Popular Self

America has witnessed an ever increasing popularity in the use of self-help books especially by those with psychological disorders. Psychiatrists have also resorted to the use of bibliotherapy treatment besides their usual therapy sessions. Bibliotherapy can be defined as the use of various self-help books in the treatment of physical or psychological disorders (Redding, 2008). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Popular Self-Help Books for Psychotic Disorders: Usefulness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper seeks to summarize the contents of the article by Richard E. Redding, ‘Popular Self-Help Books for Anxiety, Depression, and Trauma: How Scientifically Grounded and Useful Are They?’ It will highlight the results, implications of the findings, and the recommendations for authors as well as the consumers of self-help books. Researchers have tried to explain why the use of self-help books has be en increasing since the 19th century through the 20th century especially in the United States of America. Several self-help books dealing with various mental disorders have flooded the market due to the high demand (Redding, 2008). They are used mainly as self-administered treatment, hence providing a cost-effective alternative for professionally offered therapy. The persons with psychiatric disorders find it easier to implement a self-help program rather than the professionally administered treatment since it is free from shame and stigmatization (Redding, 2008). However, the diverse and popular use of this approach has been faced with skepticism concerning their usefulness and effectiveness. Those against the use of bibliotherapy cite their reasons which included; the difficulty in the administration of self-help techniques, the side effects of self-help efforts, and the unknown effectiveness of self-help books since there has not been any empirical test on them. On the contrar y, those for the use of self-help books argue that the method is cost-effective, reaches a large number of people, can also help in the maximization of individuality through the reduction of over-reliance on professional treatment, and can as well serve both educative and preventive functions (Redding, 2008). In this article, psychological experts assessed the scientific grounding and importance of bibliotherapy by using 50 currently popular self-help books. The books have been designed for the treatment of anxiety, depression, and or trauma. Well laid out methods of measurements were employed by the experts in the study. Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The raters in the study were well versed with the disorders under investigation since they all hold doctoral degrees in their respective fields. This ensured effective collection of data from the participants. Credible results were obtained on internal consistencies of rating scales, characteristics of books used, individual book ratings, overall book ratings, relationships among subscales, and finally, the comparison of scores on book characteristics (Redding, 2008). It was found that there is a strong positive correlation between various rating subscales. Half of the books were noted to prepare readers for setbacks and negative feedback, while 42% of the self-help books were considered reasonably useful (Redding, 2008). Other outcomes were also analyzed. However, it is significant to note that the books with the highest overall ratings were those with cognitive behavioral approaches, followed by those written by mental health professionals, authors with doctoral degrees, and those books focusing on specific psychological disorders. The above findings imply that bibliotherapy can be very useful for several mental disorders. The study reveal that a number of self-help books have a scientific grounding an d readily available to the lay readers. However, the challenge in the findings is that psychological disorders can be multidimensional and hence contrast the ratings found from the study which show high ratings for books dealing with specific, isolated problems (Redding, 2008). Moreover, most of the self-help books used in the study have not been tested for their effectiveness. In general, the findings from the study in this article provide a guide for the authors when it comes to writing effective self-help books. The findings also offer useful lessons for consumers and practitioners as far as selecting self-help books are concerned. According to the article, a number of limitations were inherent in the study. These includes; the research items reflected the opinions of the researchers which may be subject to controversy, the lack of the possibility of generalizing the findings due to limited number of self-help books as well as the disorders investigated, the lay readers’ reading habits and their influence on the effectiveness of the books were not factored in, and finally, the self-help books were not evaluated on their effectiveness (Redding, 2008). The essay has attempted to summarize the article by focusing on the results from the study and their implications, the lessons for the authors and consumers of self-help books, and finally by mentioning the limitations of the entire research.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Popular Self-Help Books for Psychotic Disorders: Usefulness specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference Redding, R. E. Popular Self-Help Books for Anxiety, Depression, and Trauma: How Scientifically Grounded and Useful Are They? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 2008, vol. 39 (5), 537-545. This essay on Popular Self-Help Books for Psychotic Disorders: Usefulness was written and submitted by user Alaya Parks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Adventures On The Rapids Essays - Rafting, Rapids, Free Essays

Adventures On The Rapids Essays - Rafting, Rapids, Free Essays Adventures On The Rapids Adventures on the Rapids This could be your last meal, my mother jokingly said before we left that day. The day was bright, and the sun gleaming. The group packed into the muggy van, it was stifling hot, and downright uncomfortable. On a hot summer Missouri day, in the middle of July, your shirt clung to your damp skin. The mission: White Water Rafting. The drive to the river, where we would begin our incredible journey, seemed to last endless miles. The humidity was almost unbearable; the van had absolutely no ventilation. Fifteen people packed like sardines, anticipating beginning the trip over the rapids. Envisioning the cool water splashing on our sunburned faces. Fleeing from the van was like jumping from a burning building. Bathing suits on, sunblock applied, strength in tact, we were set. Waiting for the moment when we were able to jump into the raft, and head down stream. Savoring our feet splashing in the chilly water. What we didn't know, was what the day was about to become, and how it could have changed our lives forever. Less than two hours from now, we would know. I was assigned to a raft with my brother, my friend, and the river guide. The adults went in another. About an hour after we left, we made our first stop; an enormous rock midstream. We sat there for several minutes hopped back into the raft and we were on our way, rushing down the river, nearing towards the end. As we approached the last of the rapids, our guide asked if we wanted to surf up them. Surfing is basically paddling up a rapid. We practiced for several minutes, because you have to get used to paddling against the current, then you can go up against a rapid. We were prepared, and ready for the last of the excitement in our adventure on the rapids. Fighting our way up the rapid, it all played out in slow motion. We paddled hard, and so powerfully. I remember it being like a space ship bursting into the sky, or a bomb exploding, when another raft came charging down the rapid, crashing into my side of the raft. I was thrown off the raft, into the bitterly frigid water. All playing back in my head now, even slower I found myself panicking. I realized that my foot had been lodged in between two rocks. As my life is flashing before my eyes, I saw fearful people above the water. I was unbelievably frightened. I heard screams, and yelling from above water. Then I thought to myself, What if I can't see images of my life seconds from now? What if I can't feel terrified? What if I can't see the people just above me? Abruptly, as if I was released from a funnel cloud. I was pushed into the stream. Now I was gliding downstream. My foot was released, my fear calmed, and the images weren't flashing anymore. I was safe.

Using both examples of theory and practical cases (both company and Essay

Using both examples of theory and practical cases (both company and country examples) assess the relative importance of political and cultural factors in influencing global investment decisions - Essay Example Before establishing investments in a foreign country, it is important to assess the status of its politics as well as its cultural orientation. This is because politics and culture of the host country are major determinants of the success of foreign investment in it. Ignoring political threats in global investment decisions puts the company at a high risk of failure. (Cateora, Philip R. and John L. Graham, 1998 pp.23-25). In recent years, politics and the threats they pose to foreign investors determine the success of a company. They are the ones that actually determine the winner or looser. Investment policies of a country are normally formulated nationally through local policy plans. This could lead to uncalled for negative impacts on the global market. Political intervention on the market systems of many countries is rampant. This is happening in the developed and developing countries, necessitating caution while companies consider investing in foreign countries. The regulations of the global market are being changed time and again by politicians and can be disadvantageous to foreign companies especially those that invest heavily on fixed assets such as in the tourism industry where companies make huge capital outlay for assets such as buildings and infrastructure. The major threat caused by political interference is over-regulation thereby bringing in impediments to open capital flow which may ad versely affect the global market (Mooij Marieke. 1998 pp. 38-41). Political risks are the possibilities that may occur in the host country due to political decisions or actions that may have a negative impact on the business. In such cases, companies may end up loosing their money or fail to perform according to the expectations. They include confiscation of property due to local misunderstanding, changes in currency value, restrictions of business activities, politically instigated violence such as the one that was experienced in Rwanda in 1992,

E-Recruiting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

E-Recruiting - Essay Example Several measures exist in which human resource professionals can use online recruiting to support recruitment effectively and at lower costs. One of such measures is by completing the recruitment exercise faster. Online recruitment is faster as information can reach target people instantly to facilitate faster response. This helps human resource department to meet its urgent human resource needs such as overcoming the challenge of abrupt and significant employee turnover. Shortening the recruitment period also saves money in case of use of recruitment consultants and saves time and associated cost that an organization’s personnel would use in recruiting over a longer period. Human resource professionals can also use online recruitment to eliminate intermediaries such as recruitment firms. Personal interest in an organization, which internal human resource professionals have, is likely to improve diligence and limit the recruitment process to an organization’s financial potentials by eliminating additional human resource cost of recruitment. Reliance on computerized approaches also improves validity and reliability of the recruitment process to ensure effectiveness and reduce possible future costs in repeating recruitment processes (Leung, Nkhoma, and John, 2013). Other ways in which human resource professionals can utilize online recruitment to support recruitment and reduce associated cost are widening target number of applicants, expanding target geographical regions at no extra cost, and reducing administrative procedures that challenge recruitment processes. Expanded target population increases the probability of obtaining best personnel and there is the benefit of no extra cost in the expansion. Administrative processes in recruitment exercises such as meetings and travels are also costly in terms of allowances and lost time that could be used in other

Theme in Hamlet Essay Example for Free

Theme in Hamlet Essay B.) Through sharp contrast, a character foil enhances certain traits of a central character. Analyze how secondary characters operate as foils and are employed to develop theme in Hamlet. In Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, it is proven that secondary characters help develop the understanding of the main character as foils. Foils help the reader make comparisons between the major and minor characters through parallels. During the play we see many of Hamlet’s strengths and weaknesses through characters like Laertes and Fortinbras. Other minor characters include Ophelia, Polonius, and Gertrude who contributes to Hamlets so called madness, which helps develop the theme of a hero’s fatal flaw of overthinking leading to tragedy. In this essay I will explain the similarities, differences and relationships between each foil and how their behaviors affect Hamlet personally. Throughout the play Hamlet displays a difficulty in making final decisions due to his overthinking unlike Laertes and Fortinbras who tends to make rash decisions based upon feelings. Firstly, Hamlet’s inability to kill Claudius is foiled by Fortinbras’ willingness to avenge his father’s lost kingdom over a small piece of land. Secondly, Hamlet and Laertes have different types relationships with their fathers, Hamlet despises Claudius where as Laertes loved Polonius. These relationships cause both Laertes and Hamlet wanting to avenge the murders of their fathers but for different reasons. While Laertes is determined to instantly retaliate, Hamlet on the other hand prolongs his revenge due to his natural flaw of overanalyzing. Thirdly, both Laertes and Hamlet have similar obsessions towards their women and the preservation of sanctity. Hamlet is confused and enraged about his mother’s incestuous marriage to his uncle and Laertes is anxious about his sister’s relationship with Hamlet. The parallels between the secondary foils help the audiences gain a better understanding of Hamlet’s fatal flaw of over-processing throughout the play. In Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, Fortinbras the prince of Norway and Hamlet the prince of Denmark share many similarities and differences thus making Fortinbras an important secondary character and a foil to Hamlet. Fortinbras’ father was slain by Hamlet’s father and Hamlet’s father, Hamlet Sr was poisoned his brother Claudius who is now the king of Denmark. Fortinbras wishes to attack Denmark to avenge his father’s honor and Hamlet wishes to someday kill Claudius as revenge for his father. â€Å"This is th’impostume of much wealth and peace, that inward breaks and shows no cause without why the man dies† (A.4.s4, 26-28). Hamlet remarks on Fortinbras invasion and views it as unnecessary but Fortinbras tells the captain to lie to the king assuring him that his only intentions were to travel through Denmark to get to Poland. This is the first time Fortinbras is shown as a real and imminent threat to the state of Denmark. â€Å"Why yet I live to say this thing’s to do, Sith I have cause and will and strength and means to do’t.† (A.4.s4, 43-44). Hamlet contemplates his purpose of living and questions why he cannot go through with murdering Claudius. He is coming to a realization that his plan is taking a long time to execute and every single advantage is on his side except the act itself. â€Å"Witness this army of such mass and charge led by a delicate and tender prince, whose spirit divine ambition puffed makes mouths at the invisible event, exposing what is moral and unsure to all that fortune, death, and danger dare, even for an eggshell† (A.4.s4, 46-52). Hamlet shows admiration for the prince’s ambition to fight for no good reason but is aware of the severity of war. In this scene we see Hamlet succumbing to his over analytic thought process while Fortinbras is planning to defeat the king with little judgment. Fortinbras ability to act foils Hamlet’s inability to act, while Fortinbras is attacking without regard towards himself, his men or his country Hamlet complies with reason to not attack. This reveals Fortinbras hunger for not only revenge but also power like Hamlet both are only crowned as only princes and not kings after the death of their fathers. Hamlet and Fortinbras share related backgrounds of being raised among the wealthy, both princes had the opportunity of being king and both are seeking revenge for their slain fathers. Although sharing many similarities appearances do not match reality and signifies the contradiction of great minds think alike. Ultimately, Hamlet’s overthinking leads to his downfall and Fortinbras successfully conquers Denmark and becomes king. Laertes is another important secondary foil to Hamlet also sharing many similarities and differences that highlights Hamlet’s weaknesses. Laertes and Hamlet share the similarity of quick irrational passion. Hamlet stabs Polonius during the heat of an argument and Laertes threatens to kill the king without remorse after the death of Polonius. Hamlet’s father, Hamlet Sr. was secretly poisoned by king Claudius, which was revealed to Hamlet by the ghost of his father. Since, Hamlet has become obsessed with the idea of avenging his father’s death but delays because of his natural flaw of overthinking. Hamlet hesitates to kill Claudius during his confession because he believed that he would spare him of his crime, he wants to catch Claudius during sin because he would be eternally damned. He wants Claudius to suffer the consequences and decides to wait meanwhile Claudius wants to eliminate Hamlet because of his madness but does not want appear responsible for doing so. â€Å"Of impious stubbornness. ‘Tis unmanly grief. It shows a will most incorrect to heaven, a heart unfortified, a mind impatient, an understanding simple and unschooled† (A.1.s2, 94-97). Claudius scolds Hamlet on his incapability to forget about his father, he views it as unmanly and immature. He also considers Hamlet’s mourning useless and long overdue, if the state of Denmark can get over it so can Hamlet. â€Å"Neither a borrower nor lender be, for loan oft loses both itself and a friend, and borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. This above all: to thine own self be true, and it must follow, as the night they day, though canst not be false to any man. Farewell. My blessing season this in thee† (A1.s3, 75-81). Before parting ways Polonius offers Laertes a few words of wisdom about friendships, self control, appearance and judgment. Overall he advises his son to remain true to himself as you can see Polonius shows a strong love and bond for his son. After embarking on his trip to Paris Polonius sends Reynaldo to spy on Laertes although his intentions are good, he wants to ensure that Laertes remains studying and not misbehaving. â€Å"Something have you heard of Hamlet’s transformation- so call it, since nor th’ exterior nor inward man resembles what it was. What it should be, more than his father’s death, that hath put him so much from th’understanding of himself, I cannot dream of† (A.2.s2, 5-10). Claudius discusses his stepson’s madness with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern who are longtime friends of Hamlet, during the discussion he asks them to spy on Hamlet and keep a constant eye on his unpredictable behavior. Claudius and Hamlet’s relationship also depicts an absence of trust between the two. To understand the relationships between the two fathers and sons we must juxtapose the character traits of each individual. Claudius is conniving and scheming; his motive of achieving absolute power is made clear throughout the play. He manipulates the state of Denmark to believing that his disorder of murder and incest within the country is acceptable. Claudius wants everyone to believe that he worries for Hamlet but truly thinks of Hamlet as a threat, so much so he strategizes a plan to do away with him for good. Polonius unlike Claudius has good intentions overall but often wounds up making false conclusions throughout the play. As the king’s trusted Lord of Chamberlain Polonius cares a great deal about his reputation and like the king views Hamlet as a threat. Throughout the play Polonius helps the king spy on Hamlet and advises his daughter Ophelia to stay away from his madness. Polonius genuinely adores his children and is often showing that through words of wisdom. Laertes models many of Polonius’s traits except the fact that he quick tempered. After hearing about the death his father Laertes immediately assumes Claudius as the murderer. Laertes makes it very clear to Claudius that he cares less about his reputation and is willing to do anything as long as it means revenge. Hamlet is also quick tempered although he overthinks many little details, he wasn’t thinking at all when he accidentally killed Polonius. During an argument with Gertrude he sensed someone behind the curtain and instantly assumed it was Claudius. Hamlet wants to kill his uncle during sin, throughout the play we see Hamlet trying to prove his uncle’s guilt before planning any type of retaliation. Both families resemble many distinguishable traits that resulted to their tragic downfalls such as lying, spying and over processing. Both relationships foil each other in a sense because both are different and highlights not only Hamlet’s weakness but Laertes weakness as well. In the end Laertes forgave Hamlet for the death of his father but was killed by Hamlet during fencing duel and Hamlet poisoned Claudius. Hamlet was wounded and killed by Laertes sword that was previously poisoned. Another example of Laertes being a significant secondary foil to Hamlet is shown through the different obsessions with women. Hamlet’s reacts violently towards Gertrude and Ophelia sexuality as opposed to Laertes who takes a calmer approach. Gertrude is Hamlet’s mother and the widow to Hamlet Sr. after the death of her husband she marries Hamlet’s uncle Claudius. Ophelia is the daughter of Polonius and Laertes younger sister; she is also Hamlets old lover. Hamlet makes it no secret that he is disgusted with his mother’s marriage to his uncle Claudius. He is angry with his mother Gertrude for reconciling her love for his father and settling for Claudius. Laertes on the other hand is very protective over his sister’s abstinence, like most Elizabethan men he highly values purity and is disgusted with anything less. â€Å"She married- O, most wicked speed, to post with such dexterity to incestuous sheets† (A.1.s2.156-157). Hamlet believes that his mother’s marriage is incestuous and believes that his mother did not take time to fully mourn the death of the previous king. The thought of Gertrude’s sexual relationship with Claudius consumes Hamlet, comparing it to an unattended garden he says,â€Å"tis an unweeded garden that grows to seed. Things rank and gross in nature merely possesses it† (A.1.s2.135-137) Gertrude’s sexual relationship leaves Hamlet with a sense of a contaminated world, his disgust is so great that he eventually feels this way towards all women including Ophelia. â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery! Why wouldst thou be a breeder of sinners? I am myself indifferent honest, but yet I could accuse me of such things that it were better mother had not borne me. I am very proud, revengeful, ambitious; with more offences at my beck than thoughts I put them in, imagination to give them shape, or time to act them in† (A.3.s1.121-127). Hamlet believes that women are the roots of evil; he accuses Ophelia of being promiscuous and insists she is dishonest. Ophelia is distancing herself from Hamlet because her father advises her that he is mad and to not associate herself with him for the sake of a good reputation. Laertes also agrees with Polonius on this matter of a good reputation as he is trying hard to preserve Ophelia’s purity. â€Å"Fear it, my dear sister and keep you in the rear of your affection, out of the shot and danger of desire. The chariest maid is prodigal enough, if she unmask her beauty to the moon. Virtue itself’ scapes not calumnious strokes. The canker galls the infants to the spring, too oft before their buttons be disclosed. And in the morn and liquid dew of youth†(A.1.s3.33-42). In this quote Laertes reinforces his father’s advice to Ophelia to not let her love for Hamlet become a target of lust. He also advises her to guard her good reputation because even worms ruin flowers before they blossom. Laertes does not want Hamlet to interfere with his sister’s good reputation and does not want his false pretenses to interfere with her morals. In the Elizabethan times a â€Å"deflowered† woman was considered to be damaged goods that no man would marry, Laertes fears Hamlet taking advantage of his little sister and he wants to keep her chaste until marriage. Both Hamlet and Laertes struggle to come to terms with their loved ones sexuality but they go about it differently. Hamlet is more aggressive towards Gertrude after murdering Polonius as opposed to Laertes who takes a more understanding approach and offers his advice. This brings out Hamlet’s trait of being more forward and harshly enthusiastic towards his mother’s relationship, which is caused by his flaw of overthinking. In conclusion in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, secondary foils highlight Hamlet’s flaw of overthinking. Foils help the reader compare and contrast major characters from secondary characters. We see Hamlet strengths and weaknesses through characters like Fortinbras and Laertes; other secondary characters include Polonius, Ophelia and Gertrude. Firstly, Hamlet’s inability to act upon revenge is foiled by Fortinbras ability to conquer. Secondly, Hamlet’s and Laertes have different relationships with their fathers. Through these relationships we see Hamlet’s struggle of revenge foiled by Laertes rash decision-making. Thirdly, Laertes and Hamlet share a similar obsession towards women but for different reasons. Hamlet is a complex individual who lets his fatal flaw lead to his tragedy.

Essay --

Legalizing Organ Sales When an individual thinks of the United States of America, the thought of hope and freedom comes to mind, but behind closed doors there is something opposite of that. There is a world where human organs give hope and freedom to people, not the promises of America. There is a world where one organ can be the difference between life or death for patients. This organ world can be fixed by allowing the sales of organs in America, allowing more organs for more patients. The sale of human organs should be legalized because it would stop the black market and people are in need of organs. The black market is an illegal underground economy, where people can sell anything they want, including organs. This is a very dangerous market, because people will do virtually anything to make money off of organs, including harming other people. â€Å"Reports on black market surgeries detail operations taking place in outdated, dangerous facilities† ( The Sale of Human Organs Should be Allowed 2). Having these operations being done for the black market is very hazardous and unsafe, pe...

Humans And Animals Relationships Essay

Whether its social, business, or personal, animals play an extremely important role in the lives of humans. Humans have been using animals to survive since before 100 BC. Animals have been protectors, companions, benefactors, co-workers, and even best friends. Humans need animals in their lives to stay healthy mentally and even physically. Animals are used in everyday physical therapy to increase movement in the handicapped or elderly. Animals help with physical fitness which will boost their moods substantially. For example, elderly people that are in nursing homes have been able to work with animals as a type of therapy to improve and maintain their function and to increase their quality of life while in the nursing home. It is a proven fact that animals lower cholesterol, blood pressure, and keep their heart in check. Dogs can detect the sudden drop in the level of blood glucose and alert the owner to eat or take their medication. Pets can not only help handicapped and the elderly , but children as well. Children who grow up with pets have less risk of allergies and asthma; many also learn responsibility, compassion, and empathy from having pets. Pets are natural mood enhancers. One of the reasons for these therapeutic effects is that most pets fulfill the basic human need to touch. Even hardened criminals in prison have shown long-term changes in their behavior after interacting with pets, many of them experiencing mutual affection for the first time. Some state prisons will bring in dogs for the inmates to train, so they can learn to interact with others and to give them a purpose. While a person is with an animal their body actually goes through physical changes that make a difference in their mood. The hormone that is associated with stress is actually lowered, while the production of serotonin is being increased from the level it was previously at when the person wasn’t around the animal. Sometimes, while working with a patient, a counselor might use a dog in therapy. In doing so, it will raise their serotonin level and allow  the patient to be more comfortable. Therapists have recently started prescribing pets as a way of dealing with and recovering from depression and anxiety. The unconditional love that is given from a pet to a human when petting it or playing with it, actually elevates their moods to a state where they are no longer depressed or anxious. Stroking, holding, cuddling, or otherwise touching a loving animal can rapidly calm and soothes humans when they’re stressed. The companionship of a pet can also ease loneliness, and some pets are a great stimulus for healthy exercise, which can substantially boost mood. The more that people interact with animals the less likely they will isolate themselves; pet lovers and pet owners can easily talk to each other about their pets without talking about uncomfortable subjects. Dogs help with people who are suffering PTSD. Dog can provide a sense of security, calming effects, and physical exercise that can make a positive difference in the life of those that suffer with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Like all assistance dogs, a psychiatric service dog is individually trained to do work or perform tasks that mitigate their handler’s disability. The dog will be able to calm the owner and teach him/her not to be afraid. It will be able to bond with its owner when he/she cannot bond with other humans. People with PTSD are afraid to be alone in public and the company of a dog will ease that fear. Animals have been used to assisted humans for as long as anyone can remember. They help psychologically with the world around them. They help with physical condition that’s going on with their body. Humans can bond easily with an animal more so than another human being. Whether it’s from a problem they are born with or something that stumbled upon them, they can always rely on animals to ease their pain. Work Cited Siegel, J. (1990). Stressful life events and use of physician services among the elderly: The moderating role of pet ownership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1081-1086. Friedmann, E., Katcher, A. H., Thomas, S. A., Lynch, J. J., & Messent, P. R. (1983). Social interaction and blood pressure: Influence of animal companions. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 171, 461-465. Hunt, S. J., Hart, L.A., & Gomulkiewicz, R. (1992). The role of small animals in social interaction between strangers. Journal of Social Psychology, 133, 245-256. Thelen, E. (2000). Grounded in the world: Developmental origins of the embodied mind. Infancy, 1, 3-28. Thomson, R. (1968). The Pelican history of psychology. London: Pelican.